Cancer known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Not all tumors are cancerous. Benign tumors do not grow uncontrollably, do not invade neighboring tissues, and do not spread throughout the body. There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict humans.
Determining what causes cancer is complex. Many things are known to increase the risk of cancer, including tobacco use, dietary factors, certain infections, exposure to radiation, lack of physical activity, obesity, and environmental pollutants.These factors can directly damage genes or combine with existing genetic faults within cells to cause cancerous mutations.Approximately 5 - 10% of cancer deaths can be traced directly to inherited genetic defects.Most cancers may be prevented by not smoking, eating more vegetables, fruits and whole grains, eating less meat, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising, minimizing sunlight exposure, and being vaccinated against some infectious diseases.
Cancer can be detected in a number of ways, including the presence of certain signs and symptoms, screening tests, or medical imaging. Once a possible cancer is detected it is diagnosed by microscopic examination of a tissue sample. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. The chances of surviving the disease vary greatly by the type and location of the cancer and the extent of disease at the start of treatment. While cancer can affect people of all ages, and a few types of cancer are more common in children, the risk of developing cancer generally increases with age. In 2007, cancer caused about 13% of all human deaths worldwide (7.9 million). Rates are rising as more people live to an old age and as mass lifestyle changes occur in the developing world.
A
Determining what causes cancer is complex. Many things are known to increase the risk of cancer, including tobacco use, dietary factors, certain infections, exposure to radiation, lack of physical activity, obesity, and environmental pollutants.These factors can directly damage genes or combine with existing genetic faults within cells to cause cancerous mutations.Approximately 5 - 10% of cancer deaths can be traced directly to inherited genetic defects.Most cancers may be prevented by not smoking, eating more vegetables, fruits and whole grains, eating less meat, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising, minimizing sunlight exposure, and being vaccinated against some infectious diseases.
Cancer can be detected in a number of ways, including the presence of certain signs and symptoms, screening tests, or medical imaging. Once a possible cancer is detected it is diagnosed by microscopic examination of a tissue sample. Cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. The chances of surviving the disease vary greatly by the type and location of the cancer and the extent of disease at the start of treatment. While cancer can affect people of all ages, and a few types of cancer are more common in children, the risk of developing cancer generally increases with age. In 2007, cancer caused about 13% of all human deaths worldwide (7.9 million). Rates are rising as more people live to an old age and as mass lifestyle changes occur in the developing world.
A
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
- Acute myeloid leukemia
- Adrenocortical carcinoma
- AIDS-related cancers
- AIDS-related lymphoma
- Anal cancer
- Appendix cancer
- Astrocytoma, childhood cerebellar or cerebral
B
- Basal-cell carcinoma
- Bile duct cancer, extrahepatic (see Cholangiocarcinoma)
- Bladder cancer
- Bone tumor, Osteosarcoma/Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
- Brainstem glioma
- Brain cancer
- Brain tumor, cerebellar astrocytoma
- Brain tumor, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma
- Brain tumor, ependymoma
- Brain tumor, medulloblastoma
- Brain tumor, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors
- Brain tumor, visual pathway and hypothalamic glioma
- Breast cancer
- Bronchial adenomas/carcinoids
- Burkitt's lymphoma
C
- Carcinoid tumor, childhood
- Carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal
- Carcinoma of unknown primary
- Central nervous system lymphoma, primary
- Cerebellar astrocytoma, childhood
- Cerebral astrocytoma/Malignant glioma, childhood
- Cervical cancer
- Childhood cancers
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia
- Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
- Colon Cancer
- Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
D
- Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
E
- Endometrial cancer
- Ependymoma
- Esophageal cancer
- Ewing's sarcoma in the Ewing family of tumors
- Extracranial germ cell tumor, Childhood
- Extragonadal Germ cell tumor
- Extrahepatic bile duct cancer
- Eye Cancer, Intraocular melanoma
- Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
G
- Gallbladder cancer
- Gastric (Stomach) cancer
- Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor
- Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
- Germ cell tumor: extracranial, extragonadal, or ovarian
- Gestational trophoblastic tumor
- Glioma of the brain stem
- Glioma, Childhood Cerebral Astrocytoma
- Glioma, Childhood Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic
- Gastric carcinoid
H
- Hairy cell leukemia
- Head and neck cancer
- Heart cancer
- Hepatocellular (liver) cancer
- Hodgkin lymphoma
- Hypopharyngeal cancer
- Hypothalamic and visual pathway glioma, childhood
I
- Intraocular Melanoma
- Islet Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas)
K
- Kaposi sarcoma
- Kidney cancer (renal cell cancer)
L
- Laryngeal Cancer
- Leukemias
- Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic (also called acute lymphocytic leukemia)
- Leukemia, acute myeloid (also called acute myelogenous leukemia)
- Leukemia, chronic lymphocytic (also called chronic lymphocytic leukemia)
- Leukemia, chronic myelogenous (also called chronic myeloid leukemia)
- Leukemia, hairy cell
- Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer
- Liposarcoma
- Liver Cancer (Primary)
- Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell
- Lung Cancer, Small Cell
- Lymphomas
- Lymphoma, AIDS-related
- Lymphoma, Burkitt
- Lymphoma, cutaneous T-Cell
- Lymphoma, Hodgkin
- Lymphomas, Non-Hodgkin (an old classification of all lymphomas except Hodgkin's)
- Lymphoma, Primary Central Nervous System
M
- Macroglobulinemia, Waldenström
- Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone/Osteosarcoma
- Medulloblastoma, Childhood
- Melanoma
- Melanoma, Intraocular (Eye)
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma
- Mesothelioma, Adult Malignant
- Mesothelioma, Childhood
- Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary
- Mouth Cancer
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, Childhood
- Multiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasm
- Mycosis Fungoides
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes
- Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases
- Myelogenous Leukemia, Chronic
- Myeloid Leukemia, Adult Acute
- Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood Acute
- Myeloma, Multiple (Cancer of the Bone-Marrow)
- Myeloproliferative Disorders, Chronic
N
- Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Neuroblastoma
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Non-small cell lung cancer
O
- Oral Cancer
- Oropharyngeal cancer
- Osteosarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone
- Ovarian cancer
- Ovarian epithelial cancer (Surface epithelial-stromal tumor)
- Ovarian germ cell tumor
- Ovarian low malignant potential tumor
P
- Pancreatic cancer
- Pancreatic cancer, islet cell
- Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
- Parathyroid cancer
- Penile cancer
- Pharyngeal cancer
- Pheochromocytoma
- Pineal astrocytoma
- Pineal germinoma
- Pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, childhood
- Pituitary adenoma
- Plasma cell neoplasia/Multiple myeloma
- Pleuropulmonary blastoma
- Primary central nervous system lymphoma
- Prostate cancer
R
- Rectal cancer
- Renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer)
- Renal pelvis and ureter, transitional cell cancer
- Retinoblastoma
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, childhood
S
- Salivary gland cancer
- Sarcoma, Ewing family of tumors
- Sarcoma, Kaposi
- Sarcoma, soft tissue
- Sarcoma, uterine
- Sézary syndrome
- Skin cancer (nonmelanoma)
- Skin cancer (melanoma)
- Skin carcinoma, Merkel cell
- Small cell lung cancer
- Small intestine cancer
- Soft tissue sarcoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma – see Skin cancer (nonmelanoma)
- Squamous neck cancer with occult primary, metastatic
- Stomach cancer
- Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor, childhood
T
- T-Cell lymphoma, cutaneous – see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary syndrome
- Testicular cancer
- Throat cancer
- Thymoma, childhood
- Thymoma and Thymic carcinoma
- Thyroid cancer
- Thyroid cancer, childhood
- Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter
- Trophoblastic tumor, gestational
U
- Unknown primary site, carcinoma of, adult
- Unknown primary site, cancer of, childhood
- Ureter and renal pelvis, transitional cell cancer
- Urethral cancer
- Uterine cancer, endometrial
- Uterine sarcoma
V
- Vaginal cancer
- Visual pathway and hypothalamic glioma, childhood
- Vulvar cancer
W
- Waldenström macroglobulinemia
- Wilms tumor (kidney cancer), childhood
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